islaroose's posterous http://islaroose.posterous.com Most recent posts at islaroose's posterous posterous.com Thu, 17 Jan 2013 06:05:50 -0800 Desert drama: Islamists take hostages in Algeria http://islaroose.posterous.com/desert-drama-islamists-take-hostages-in-alger http://islaroose.posterous.com/desert-drama-islamists-take-hostages-in-alger

In this undated image released Wednesday Jan. 16, 2013, by BP petroleum company, showing the Amenas natural gas field in the eastern central region of Algeria, where Islamist militants raided and took hostages Wednesday Jan. 16, 2013. Islamist militants from Mali attacked the Amenas natural gas field partly operated by BP in Algeria early on Wednesday, killing a security guard and kidnapping at least eight people, including English, Norwegian and Japanese nationals, an Algerian security official and local media reported. Algerian forces, later caught up with and surrounded the kidnappers and negotiations for the release of the hostages are ongoing, officials said.(AP Photo/BP)

In this undated image released Wednesday Jan. 16, 2013, by BP petroleum company, showing the Amenas natural gas field in the eastern central region of Algeria, where Islamist militants raided and took hostages Wednesday Jan. 16, 2013. Islamist militants from Mali attacked the Amenas natural gas field partly operated by BP in Algeria early on Wednesday, killing a security guard and kidnapping at least eight people, including English, Norwegian and Japanese nationals, an Algerian security official and local media reported. Algerian forces, later caught up with and surrounded the kidnappers and negotiations for the release of the hostages are ongoing, officials said.(AP Photo/BP)

In this undated image released Wednesday Jan. 16, 2013, by BP petroleum company, showing the Amenas natural gas field in the eastern central region of Algeria, where Islamist militants raided and took hostages Wednesday Jan. 16, 2013. Islamist militants from Mali attacked a natural gas field partly operated by BP in southern Algeria early on Wednesday, killing a security guard and kidnapping at least eight people, including English, Norwegian and Japanese nationals, an Algerian security official and local media reported. Algerian forces, later caught up with and surrounded the kidnappers and negotiations for the release of the hostages are ongoing, officials said.(AP Photo/BP)

Map locates Ain Amenas, Algeria where American hostages were taken

Norwegian Prime minister Jens Stoltenberg, right, and Foreign Minister, Espen Barth Eide, attend a press conference in Oslo regarding the attack on Statoil's plant in Algeria, where 13 Norwegians are among 17 workers who were taken as hostages, Wednesday, Jan. 16, 2013. Militants said they attacked and occupied the field partly operated by the British energy company BP because of Algeria's support of France's operation against al-Qaida-linked Malian rebels groups to the southeast. (AP Photo/NTB Scanpix, Berit Roald) NORWAY OUT

Defense Secretary Leon Panetta pauses during a news conference in Rome, Wednesday, Jan. 16, 2013. Panetta confirmed on Wednesday that American citizens are among the hostages taken by an Al Qaeda-linked group that seized a gas field in Algeria, calling the action a "terrorist attack," (AP Photo/Jacquelyn Martin)

(AP) ? In a desert standoff deep in the Sahara, the Algerian army ringed a natural gas complex where Islamist militants hunkered down with dozens of hostages Wednesday night after a rare attack that appeared to be the first violent shock wave from the French intervention in Mali.

A militant group that claimed responsibility said 41 foreigners, including seven Americans, were being held after the assault on one of oil-rich Algeria's energy facilities, 800 miles from the capital of Algiers and 1,000 miles (1,600 kilometers) from the coast. Two foreigners were killed.

The group claiming responsibility said the attack was in revenge for Algeria's support of France's military operation against al-Qaida-linked rebels in neighboring Mali. The U.S. defense secretary called it a "terrorist act."

The militants appeared to have no escape, with troops surrounding the complex and army helicopters clattering overhead.

The group ? called Katibat Moulathamine or the Masked Brigade ? phoned a Mauritanian news outlet to say one of its affiliates had carried out the operation at the Ain Amenas gas field, and that France should end its intervention in Mali to ensure the safety of the hostages.

BP, the Norwegian company Statoil and the Algerian state oil company Sonatrach, operate the gas field. A Japanese company, JGC Corp, provides services for the facility as well.

In Rome, U.S. Defense Secretary Leon Panetta declared that the U.S. "will take all necessary and proper steps" to deal with the attack in Algeria. He would not detail what such steps might be but condemned the action as "terrorist attack" and likened it to al-Qaida activities in Pakistan, Afghanistan and in the United States on Sept. 11, 2001.

Algeria's top security official, Interior Minister Daho Ould Kabila, said that "security forces have surrounded the area and cornered the terrorists, who are in one wing of the complex's living quarters."

He said one Briton and one Algerian were killed in the attack, while a Norwegian and two other Britons were among the six wounded.

"We reject all negotiations with the group, which is holding some 20 hostages from several nationalities," Kabila said on national television, raising the specter of a possible armed assault to try to free the hostages.

The head of a catering company working on the base told the French Journal de Dimanche that helicopters were flying over the complex and the army waited outside. There were even reports of clashes between the two sides and a member of the militant group told the Mauritanian news outlet the Islamists had already repelled one assault by Algerian soldiers late Wednesday night.

It was not immediately possible to account for the discrepancies in the number of reported hostages. Their identities also were not clear, but Ireland announced that they included a 36-year-old married Irish man. Japan, Britain and the U.S. said their citizens were taken. A Norwegian woman said her husband called her saying that he had been taken hostage.

Hundreds of Algerians work at the plant and were also captured in the attack, but the Algerian state news agency reported they were gradually released unharmed Wednesday.

The Algerian minister said it seemed the militants were hoping to negotiate their departure from the area ? a notion he rejected. He also dismissed theories that the militants had come from Libya, a mere 60 miles (100 kilometers) away, or from Mali, more than 600 miles (1,000 kilometers) away.

Kabila said the roughly 20 well armed gunmen were from Algeria itself, operating under orders from Moktar Belmoktar, al-Qaida's strongman in the Sahara.

In Washington, U.S. State Department spokeswoman Victoria Nuland confirmed that "U.S. citizens were among the hostages."

The caller to the Nouakchott Information Agency, which often carries announcements from extremist groups, said the kidnapping was carried out by "Those Who Signed in Blood," a group created to attack countries participating in the offensive against Islamist groups in Mali.

The Masked Brigade was formed by Belmoktar, a one-eyed Algerian who recently declared he was leaving the terror network's Algerian branch, al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb, to create his own group. He said at the time he would still maintain ties with the central organization based in Afghanistan and Pakistan.

The name of his group could be a reference to the nomadic Tuareg inhabitants of the Sahara, known for masking their faces with blue veils.

A close associate of Belmoktar blamed the West for France's recent air and ground intervention against Islamist fighters in Mali.

"It's the United Nations that gave the green light to this intervention and all Western countries are now going to pay a price. We are now globalizing our conflict," Oumar Ould Hamaha told The Associated Press by telephone Wednesday night from an undisclosed location.

French President Francois Hollande launched the surprise operation in Mali, a former French colony in West Africa, on Friday, hoping to stop the al-Qaida-linked and other Islamist extremists whom he believes pose a danger to the world.

Further kidnappings could well be on the horizon, warned Sajjan Gohel, the international security director for the Asia-Pacific Foundation.

"The chances are that this may not be a one-off event, that there could be other attempts in Africa ? especially north and western Africa ? to directly target foreign interests," he said. "It's unclear as to what fate these individuals may meet, whether these terrorists are going to want a ransom or whether they'll utilize this for propaganda purposes."

Wednesday's attack in Algeria began with an ambush on a bus carrying employees from the massive gas plant to the nearby airport but the attackers were driven off, according to the Algerian government, which said three vehicles of heavily armed men were involved.

"After their failed attempt, the terrorist group headed to the complex's living quarters and took a number of workers with foreign nationalities hostage," the government said in a statement.

Attacks on oil-rich Algeria's hydrocarbon facilities are very rare, despite decades of fighting an Islamist insurgency, mostly in northern Algeria.

In the last several years, however, al-Qaida's influence in the poorly patrolled desert of southern Algeria and northern Mali and Niger has grown and the group operates smuggling and kidnapping networks throughout the area. Militant groups that seized control of a vast section of northern Mali last year already hold seven French hostages as well as four Algerian diplomats.

Prime Minister David Cameron's office said "several British nationals" were involved, while Japanese news agencies, citing unnamed government officials, said there are three Japanese hostages.

"I want to say this is unforgivable," said Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, who was traveling from Vietnam to Thailand on Thursday as part of a Southeast Asian tour.

"Our first priority is to protect their lives," Abe said of the hostages. Japanese and U.S. officials were meeting in Tokyo to cooperate in resolving the crisis, and Defense Minister Itsunori Onodera called for close exchange of information between the two governments.

Late Wednesday, Statoil said five employees ?four Norwegians and a Canadian ? were safe at an Algerian military camp and two of them had suffered minor injuries. It said 12 employees were unaccounted for.

The Norwegian newspaper Bergens Tidende said a 55-year-old Norwegian working on the site called his wife to say he had been abducted.

Algeria had long warned against any military intervention against the rebels in northern Mali, fearing the violence could spill over its own long and porous border. Though its position softened slightly after Hollande visited Algiers in December, Algerian authorities remain skeptical about the operation and worried about its consequences on the region.

Algeria, Africa's biggest country, has been an ally of the U.S. and France in fighting terrorism for years. But its relationship with France has been fraught with lingering resentment over colonialism and the bloody war for independence that left Algeria a free country 50 years ago.

Algeria's strong security forces have struggled for years against Islamist extremists, and have in recent years managed to nearly snuff out violence by al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb around its home base in northern Algeria. In the meantime, AQIM moved its focus southward.

AQIM has made tens of millions of dollars off kidnapping in the region, abducting Algerian businessmen or politicians, and sometimes foreigners, for ransom.

_____

Paul Schemm reported from Rabat, Morocco. Associated Press writers Mari Yamaguchi in Tokyo, Rukmini Callimachi in Bamako, Mali, Bradley Klapper in Washington, Jill Lawless in London, Elaine Ganely in Paris, Jan Olsen in Copenhagen, Denmark, Shawn Pogatchnik in Dublin and Elaine Kurtenbach in Tokyo contributed to this report.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/3d281c11a96b4ad082fe88aa0db04305/Article_2013-01-16-Algeria-Kidnapping/id-1b29673dae1745f686acac504f96c598

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Thu, 17 Jan 2013 04:19:51 -0800 Obama extends presidential power in bypassing Congress on gun control http://islaroose.posterous.com/obama-extends-presidential-power-in-bypassing http://islaroose.posterous.com/obama-extends-presidential-power-in-bypassing

WASHINGTON (Reuters) - During the past two years as his frustration with a "dysfunctional" Congress has grown, President Barack Obama has resorted to bypassing the legislative branch as he did on Wednesday to implement tighter gun control laws.

"Where they won't act, I will," he said in October 2011 as part of a "We Can't Wait" campaign he launched 10 months after Republicans took over the U.S. House of Representatives.

Since then, the president has turned to executive orders, policy directives, waivers, signing statements and other administrative steps to bypass Congress and act on contentious issues, including immigration, welfare, education reform and now gun violence.

Acting in response to the shooting rampage in Newtown, Connecticut, Obama announced 23 executive actions Wednesday designed to ensure guns don't get into the wrong hands. He also called on Congress to ban the sale of assault rifles, limit the size of ammunition clips and require background checks for all gun sales.

"Increasingly, what we're seeing is a lot of the policy-making apparatus of the federal government shifting to the executive branch," said William Howell, a University of Chicago expert on presidential powers.

Gun rights groups have accused Obama of an unconstitutional power grab.

"It's definitely not appropriate for the president to act unilaterally," said Erich Pratt, director of communications for the Gun Owners of America.

OBAMA'S ACTIONS ON GUN CONTROL 'SURGICAL'

Compared with some of the stronger steps Obama has taken in the past two years, his administrative actions announced Wednesday seem surgical. Most of what he proposed will have to be approved by Congress. He issued no executive order, which is the most formal tool a president has for pronouncing policy.

Obama did issue a presidential memorandum effectively overturning a congressional ban on federal research into the cause of gun violence.

He also acted administratively to get health care providers, states and federal agencies to share more information with the National Instant Criminal Background Check System, or NICS. This is an effort to prevent gun sales to people with disqualifying criminal backgrounds or mental health issues.

"These are all critically important," said Ladd Everitt, director of communications for the Coalition to Stop Gun Violence.

Even before Obama announced his unilateral steps on gun violence, critics began accusing him of overreaching his presidential powers. However, political analysts note that presidents since George Washington have used the same tools, especially when Congress is divided, as it is today.

Obama is not relying on executive orders themselves any more than other recent presidents. His 147 orders through four years is roughly the same pace as former President George W. Bush, who issued 294 in two full terms and Bill Clinton, who issued 308 in two terms.

CONGRESS SLOWED BY GRIDLOCK

Neither Clinton nor Bush faced a Congress as unproductive as the last one. It failed to pass a budget or a single one of 13 appropriations bills that fund federal agencies. It also has failed to pass a farm bill or overhaul the bankrupt Postal Service.

Only a few of the 147 orders Obama has issued have been controversial. Many are relatively modest, such as establishing advisory groups and task forces. Some have more substance, such as ratcheting up sanctions against Iran. And others are politically popular, such as one to identify and reduce regulatory burdens.

Obama used his third executive order, issued two days after his inauguration, to reverse earlier presidential signing statements by then-President George W. Bush that allowed harsh interrogation tactics.

Obama has bypassed Congress on at least four major issues:

-- In June 2012 he issued what became known as "the mini-Dream Act order." He directed the Department of Homeland Security not to deport undocumented immigrants brought here as children who meet certain other requirements. This came after a Senate filibuster two years ago killed legislation allowing immigration rights for people brought to the United States illegally as children.

-- In July 2012 he issued an "information memorandum" providing for conditional waivers from the workfare requirements of the 1996 welfare reform law in a way designed to give the states greater flexibility in how they reach the law's goals.

-- Starting in February 2012, Obama's Department of Education began issuing waivers giving states greater flexibility in meeting the requirements of the No Child Left Behind law enacted in 2001 as a means to make schools more accountable. Congress had been expected to incorporate many of the changes in a renewal of the act that was due in 2007. But it has failed to act over the past five years.

-- In October 2011, Obama instructed the Justice Department to no longer enforce the 1996 Defense of Marriage Act, saying it was unconstitutional. In a response that typifies Republican reaction to Obama's unilateral moves, former Republican Attorneys General Edwin Meese and John Ashcroft called the move "an extreme and unprecedented deviation from the historical norm."

Obama's "mini-Dream Act" order was perhaps his most aggressive. He effectively did for hundreds of thousands of people what Congress had specifically rejected since 2001, putting off the deportation of some who were brought to the country illegally as children by their parents.

"The Dream Act order is a decision by a president to implement a policy when Congress wouldn't give him the statute," said Kenneth Mayer, a University of Wisconsin professor of political science.

Analysts say the partisan gridlock of the moment is part of a longer trend in which the legislative branch, established under the Constitution as the first branch of the federal government, is giving way increasingly to a presidency.

"Congress has been taking themselves out of the game for several decades now," said Elaine Kamarck, who worked in the White House during the 1990s for then-Vice President Al Gore and now is a public policy lecturer at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government.

Obama formalized his intent to act more unilaterally in October 2009, 10 months after Republicans took control of the House.

Rarely does Congress or the Supreme Court reverse executive orders, according to legal scholars. When they are reversed or modified, it usually is by a future president. A rare example came in 1952 when the Supreme Court, ruling in the Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer case, rejected then-President Harry Truman's use of an executive order to put the steel industry under government control.

(Reporting by Marcus Stern; Editing by Fred Barbash and Lisa Shumaker)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/obama-extends-presidential-power-bypassing-congress-gun-control-060256781.html

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Tue, 15 Jan 2013 22:19:48 -0800 Melissa Wwe is watching NFL Total Access http://islaroose.posterous.com/melissa-wwe-is-watching-nfl-total-access http://islaroose.posterous.com/melissa-wwe-is-watching-nfl-total-access

Sorry, Readability was unable to parse this page for content.

Source: http://getglue.com/conversation/melissa_wwe/2013-01-14T18%3A04%3A52Z

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Tue, 15 Jan 2013 18:43:45 -0800 Lance Armstrong awaits 'candid' Oprah interview http://islaroose.posterous.com/lance-armstrong-awaits-candid-oprah-interview http://islaroose.posterous.com/lance-armstrong-awaits-candid-oprah-interview

AUSTIN, Texas (AP) -- Out for a Sunday morning jog in bright sunshine, Lance Armstrong hardly looked like a man about to finally confront the doping scandal that has shadowed his storied career like an angry storm cloud.

''I'm calm, I'm at ease and ready to speak candidly,'' Armstrong told The Associated Press, referring to his interview Monday with Oprah Winfrey.

In what's been billed as a ''no-holds barred'' session, the cyclist is expected to reverse course after a decade of denials and apologize for doping, as well as offer a limited confession about his role at the head of a long-running scheme to dominate the Tour de France with the aid of performance-enhancing drugs.

Armstrong was stripped of all seven tour titles last year in the wake of a voluminous U.S. Anti-Doping Agency report that portrayed him as a ruthless competitor, willing to go to any lengths to win the prestigious race.

''The most sophisticated, professionalized and successful doping program that sport has ever seen,'' is how USADA chief executive Travis Tygart labeled the doping regimen allegedly carried out by the U.S. Postal Service team that Armstrong once led.

Yet if any of that was weighing on Armstrong's mind, he didn't show it early in the day.

Wearing a red jersey and black shorts, sunglasses and a white baseball cap pulled down to his eyes, he was training by himself and about a mile from his home when he talked to the AP. Armstrong ran for about an hour as his team of lawyers and advisors began arriving one-by-one at his house.

Leaning into a reporter's car on the shoulder of a busy Austin road, he also seemed unfazed by the international news crews gathering at the gates of his home. He cracked a few jokes about all the attention the interview with Winfrey had already drawn, then added, ''But now I want to finish my run'' and took off down the road.

The interview, which will take place at his home and broadcast Thursday on the Oprah Winfrey Network, will be Armstrong first public response to the USADA report. A person with knowledge of the situation told the AP a day earlier that Armstrong will give a limited confession and apologize. He is not expected to provide a detailed account about his involvement, nor address in depth many of the specific allegations in the more than 1,000-page USADA report.

In a text to the AP on Saturday, Armstrong said: ''I told her (Winfrey) to go wherever she wants and I'll answer the questions directly, honestly and candidly. That's all I can say.''

A confession would be a stunning reversal after years of public statements, interviews and court battles from Austin to Europe that Armstrong waged while zealously protecting his reputation.

After a federal investigation of the cyclist was dropped without charges being brought last year, USADA stepped in with an investigation of its own. The agency deposed nearly a dozen former teammates and accused Armstrong of masterminding a complex and brazen drug program that included steroids, blood boosters and a range of other performance-enhancers.

Armstrong had remained defiant, tweeting a picture of himself on a couch at home with all seven of the yellow leader's jerseys on display in frames behind him. But the preponderance of evidence in the USADA report and pending legal challenges on several fronts apparently forced him to change tactics dramatically.

A federal whistle-blower lawsuit brought by former teammate Floyd Landis, who himself was stripped of the 2006 Tour de France title, accuses Armstrong of defrauding the U.S. Postal Service. The Justice Department has yet to announce whether it will join the case.

The London-based Sunday Times is also suing Armstrong to recover about $500,000 it paid him to settle a libel lawsuit, and Dallas-based SCA Promotions has threatened to bring yet another lawsuit against Armstrong to recover more than $7.5 million an arbitration panel awarded him as a bonus for winning the Tour de France.

The lawsuit most likely to be influenced by a confession might be the Sunday Times case. Potential perjury charges stemming from his sworn testimony in the 2005 arbitration fight would not apply because of the statute of limitations. Armstrong was not deposed during a federal investigation that was closed last year without charges being brought.

But the USADA report persuaded many of his sponsors to drop Armstrong - at the cost of tens of millions of dollars - and soon after, he left the board of the Livestrong cancer-fighting charity he founded in 1997. Armstrong is still said to be worth about $100 million.

Livestrong might be another reason Armstrong has decided to come forward with an apology and limited confession. The charity supports cancer patients and still faces an image problem because of its association with Armstrong. He may also be hoping a confession would allow him to return to competition in the elite triathlon or running events he participated in after his cycling career.

But World Anti-Doping Code rules state his lifetime ban cannot be reduced to less than eight years. WADA and U.S. Anti-Doping officials could agree to reduce the ban further depending on what new information Armstrong provides and his level of cooperation.

USADA officials said in a recent interview that the cyclist's cooperation could well initiate a ''pathway to redemption.''

---

AP Sports Columnist Jim Litke contributed to this report.

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/sports/rss/top/SIG=12s7vk7tr/*http%3A//sports.yahoo.com/news/armstrong-awaits-candid-oprah-interview-182703998--spt.html

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Tue, 15 Jan 2013 16:56:45 -0800 Ronda Rousey is not impressed with Georges St-Pierre?s fighting style http://islaroose.posterous.com/ronda-rousey-is-not-impressed-with-georges-st http://islaroose.posterous.com/ronda-rousey-is-not-impressed-with-georges-st

In six fights, UFC women's bantamweight champion Ronda Rousey has ended every fight in the first round. Her go-to armbar submission means her fights are predictable, but they're rarely boring.

But as for fighters she finds exciting? Don't put welterweight champion Georges St-Pierre on her list. Rousey called him boring last year, and confirmed what she said.

"I respect Georges St. Pierre as a businessman and an athlete," Rousey said to the Las Vegas Review-Journal. "I don't have anything against him personally. But he's not the kind of fighter I like watching."

"He fights to win matches. He doesn't fight to defeat his opponents. I lost a lot of judo matches because of points fighters. It was extremely frustrating for me. And when I see that same style being played out in a different sport, it brings out the same reaction in me."

The last time GSP didn't have a fight go to the judges was when he won by TKO over B.J. Penn in 2009. Rousey is hardly the first person to criticized GSP's strategic style, but this is from a fellow champion who has the standing to say what she likes. It gives the criticism even more weight.

More news from the Yahoo! Sports Minute:

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Source: http://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/mma-cagewriter/ronda-rousey-not-impressed-georges-st-pierre-fighting-000126630--mma.html

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Mon, 14 Jan 2013 21:35:45 -0800 Flushing Nemo: Home aquarium species a potential threat to California waters http://islaroose.posterous.com/flushing-nemo-home-aquarium-species-a-potenti http://islaroose.posterous.com/flushing-nemo-home-aquarium-species-a-potenti

Well-intentioned children and aquarium hobbyists seeking to ?free? their pet fish down a toilet bowl or into a local waterway may inadvertently be contributing to the threat of invasive species downstream, according to a new report from the University of California, Davis.

In a report released today to the California Ocean Protection Council, lead author Susan Williams, an evolution and ecology professor with the UC Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory, found that more than 11 million non-native ornamental marine individuals ? such as tropical fish, seaweed and snails bound for aquariums ? representing at least 102 species are being imported annually through California?s ports of San Francisco and Los Angeles, primarily from Indonesia and the Philippines. And 13 of those species have been introduced to California marine waters ? presumably after being released from aquariums.

While that number is low, the report cautions that 69 percent of the introduced species established themselves successfully in California, signaling a potential threat to marine ecosystems. Some non-native, invasive species can rapidly spread and outcompete native species for food and habitat.

?Although relatively few aquarium species have been introduced compared to species in other pathways, such as ballast water, they are highly successful because they?re grown to be hardy and robust,? Williams said. ?They have to be tough to survive in the trade.?

The aquarium trade represents a $1 billion a year global industry and a popular home hobby, second only to photography, the report said. It has also introduced some of the world?s worst invasive species, such as the seaweed Caulerpa, the ?killer algae? that infected two lagoons in Southern California in 2000 and cost California more than $6 million to eradicate.

Another invader is the highly predatory lionfish, which regularly enters the state?s ports through the aquarium trade ? 20 lionfish were imported into San Francisco International Airport on a single day, the report said. Introduced to Florida in 1999, it spread rapidly throughout the Caribbean Sea and along the East Coast by 2010. Lionfish have not been reported in California waters, but the fish is able to withstand cooler temperatures. If released, a lionfish could establish itself as far north as San Francisco Bay and, even farther, as oceans continue to warm, the report said.

While the report highlighted lionfish and Caulerpa as species of special concern, it identified at least 34 species deemed able to tolerate California?s current marine climate.

The report is one of six that the UC Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory coordinated for the state, each exploring a different vector, or pathway, through which invasive species can enter California ocean waters. The other pathways include aquaculture, live seafood, live bait, fishing vessels and recreation vessels. Williams said it makes sense to focus on invasive threats from the aquarium trade because they can be managed primarily through public education, with minimal regulatory action or expensive measures.

?Unlike some other vectors, we can easily prevent unwanted introductions from the aquarium trade,? she said. ?Aquarium hobbyists can follow some simple practices ? like ?Don?t dump your aquarium? ? to avoid releasing aquarium species into natural water where they can become an expensive and harmful pest.? Williams said that people who no longer want an aquarium species can contact the vendor from which the species came or the California Department of Fish and Wildlife? (formerly called California Department of Fish and Game) to learn how to dispose of or return it responsibly.

For the risk assessment, researchers analyzed state and federal agency databases of non-native species associated with ornamental aquariums, as well as U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service inspection records for live animals imported into California ports, and state permit records for restricted species. The researchers also observed a routine, one-day inspection of live organisms arriving in air cargo at San Francisco International Airport for a snapshot view of the inspection process.

The scientists discovered several data limitations: Regulatory agencies do not track the ultimate destination of the aquarium species once they clear customs, so it is unknown how many species stay in California once they arrive.

Both Caulerpa and lionfish are also readily available for sale over the Internet, which presents a data gap for researchers and a regulatory challenge for agencies.

Further, regulatory authority for the trade is fragmented across state and federal agencies, and there is no central source of information on the species, regulations, permits or other relevant records.

?From the hobbyist or industry side, it is really hard to figure out the rules and regulations for holding live organisms in the state ? for importing, possessing and trading them,? said Williams. ?So one of our conclusions is that a more centralized information and permitting system would benefit the regulators, industry and hobbyists, and enable scientists to collect more information and better assess the risk.?

The study was funded by the California Ocean Protection Council and California Ocean Science Trust.

Source: http://eastsouthstockton.news10.net/news/environment/109387-flushing-nemo-home-aquarium-species-potential-threat-california-waters

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Mon, 14 Jan 2013 19:48:42 -0800 UAE Ratifies IRENA HEADQUARTERS, Cements Position as Renewable Energy Hub http://islaroose.posterous.com/uae-ratifies-irena-headquarters-cements-posit http://islaroose.posterous.com/uae-ratifies-irena-headquarters-cements-posit

Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates - Sunday, January 13th 2013 [ME NewsWire]

The UAE today announced the formal ratification of its headquarters agreement with the International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), confirming IRENA?s position as the global hub for renewable energy, and the first international organisation headquartered in the Middle East.

The announcement was made during the first day of the annual IRENA Assembly in Abu Dhabi, in the presence of ministers and officials from 150 countries. It formally accords IRENA all the rights, privileges and protections of an international organisation.

The agreement also highlights the UAE?s emergence as a global centre of excellence for renewable energy. Abu Dhabi is home to Masdar, the renewable energy city, and this week is hosting thousands of industry leaders and policy makers for Abu Dhabi Sustainability Week (ADSW).

?I want to thank the UAE?s leadership for their support of IRENA?s HQ ratification, which represents a major milestone for the future of the Agency,? said Dr. Sultan Al Jaber, the UAE?s Special Envoy for Energy and Climate Change and CEO of Masdar.? ?The UAE now has its first fully fledged international organization ?reflecting and enhancing our position as a global hub for the energy industry.?

?The ratification of our headquarters agreement, and the presence of a record breaking number of ministers and policy makers at the 2013 Assembly, marks IRENA?s coming of age,? said Adnan Amin, IRENA Director General. ?What began as a visionary idea in 2009 has truly taken form. The renewable energy era is upon us.?

Note to Editors

IRENA is mandated by 159 countries and the European Union to promote the sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy, and to serve as the global hub for renewable energy cooperation and information exchange. Formally established in 2011, IRENA is the first major international organization to be headquartered in the Middle East.

Abu Dhabi Sustainability Week

Taking place January 13-17, Abu Dhabi Sustainability Week (ADSW) will attract an anticipated 30,000 participants from 150 countries to Abu Dhabi for what will be the largest gathering on sustainability in the history of the Middle East. A significant platform for international dialogue and cooperation, ADSW will tackle the world?s most pressing energy, water and environmental challenges. ADSW will unite world leaders, policy makers, thought leaders, experts, scientists, business and academia.



Permalink: http://www.me-newswire.net//news/6715/en

Source: http://www.me-newswire.net//news/6715/en

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Mon, 14 Jan 2013 16:16:42 -0800 1x1 rp guy needed http://islaroose.posterous.com/1x1-rp-guy-needed http://islaroose.posterous.com/1x1-rp-guy-needed I'm a girl looking for a guy to do either a werewolfxwerewolf roleplay or one that starts as a werewolfxhuman roleplay and turns into a werewolfxwerewolf rp with me.

Romance is definitely acceptable and is a plus in my books, but I do not want this to turn into some stupid Twilight fanfic (I apologize to all Twi-hards).

I love writing and will write as often and as much as possible as my schedule lets me.

Ideally, I want to roleplay through pm. Hope you're interested :)

Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/RolePlayGateway/~3/utUxwObxy3o/viewtopic.php

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Sun, 13 Jan 2013 22:20:46 -0800 Tiger Woods 14?s Golf Legends Shown Off (Trailer) http://islaroose.posterous.com/tiger-woods-14s-golf-legends-shown-off-traile http://islaroose.posterous.com/tiger-woods-14s-golf-legends-shown-off-traile Post image for Tiger Woods 14?s Golf Legends Shown Off (Trailer)

EA Sports released a new trailer for Tiger Woods PGA Tour 14 showing off all the legends you?ll play against and as in the game.

Jonah Falcon is a blogger for TMRzoo and GameStooge.com and covers all gaming consoles and platforms including Sony Playstation 3, Microsoft XBOX 360, Nintendo Wii, Sony PSP and computer games designed for Mac OS, Microsoft Windows and Linux operating systems. Jonah provides his readers with reviews, previews, release dates and up to date gaming industry news, trailers and rumors.

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Source: http://www.tmrzoo.com/2013/42034/tiger-woods-14%E2%80%B2s-golf-legends-shown-off-trailer

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Sun, 13 Jan 2013 18:38:45 -0800 Windows tablets - easy, one-stop jailbreak now available for everyone. What should Microsoft do? [POLL] http://islaroose.posterous.com/windows-tablets-easy-one-stop-jailbreak-now-a http://islaroose.posterous.com/windows-tablets-easy-one-stop-jailbreak-now-a

Earlier this week, Chester wrote an article about what he referred to as the "jailbreaking" of Windows RT.

That "jailbreak" was a means of liberation that allowed you to run traditional desktop-style applications of your own choice, painstakingly worked out by a smart and well-organised hacker (in the benevolent and complimentary sense of the word) called @clrokr.

? Windows RT, very loosely speaking, is Windows 8 ported to the ARM processor and locked down. You can't alter the bootloader (preventing you switching to, say, Android or Linux) and you can't install anything other than Windows-approved apps from the Windows Store. From a flexibility standpoint, Windows RT is to Windows 8 as iOS is to OS X.

The quotation marks around the word "jailbreak" were Chester's own, as it isn't a method for the fainthearted.

You need to: use the Windows RT remote debugger, assemble some ARM code, patch it into memory, find where KERNEL32 is loaded, and use it to help you find the location of an operating system component you'll need in a moment. (You can't guess where it is because of Address Space Layout Randomisation, or ALSR).

That's just the start of the "jailbreak".

Once you've located the needed system function (NtQuery?System?Information), you use it to locate a second system function (TerminalServer?RequestThread) that includes a call to a third function that is exploitable (NtUser?SetInformation?Thread).

Then you set a breakpoint to grab control just after the vulnerable function call, redirect execution to your previously-entered patch, and finally unset the breakpoint and let the operating system go back on its merry way.

Phew. Now you can draw breath.

All this to adjust a single byte in kernel memory: the place where the operating system remembers how much slack it will cut you in respect of code signing.

The lower the value, the more relaxed the system will be. Drop it to zero and you have effectively made Windows RT as liberal as Windows 8.

Despite the complexity, Chester guessed that "someone [would] create a tool to replicate @clrokr's efforts for those with less knowledge of a debugger."

And that's exactly what happened. A helpful coder called Netham45 has already released his RT Jailbreak tool.

In Netham45's own words, it's an "all-in-one program to jailbreak Windows RT tablets using the method recently released by clrokr."

Grab it today if you have a Windows RT tablet and you want the freedom to run desktop applications. A growing list of ported applications has already sprung up on the XDA website.

You can get software such as the TightVNC server and client (so you can do screen sharing), PuTTY (so you can run SSH and administer your UNIX boxen), various text editors popular with coders, and a Nintendo Gameboy emulator (because you know you want it).

That's good news. Isn't it?

? Netham45's jailbreak won't survive a reboot. The secure bootloader ensures that the code signing level gets set back to 8 after a restart. But Netham45 wants you to know that this is not a tethered jailbreak. That would mean you'd need to connect (tether) your tablet to another device, usually a PC, to reboot it. This jailbreak runs from the tablet itself. Netham45 also reminds you that his tool is not intended to assist with piracy, and, for that matter, doesn't.

One question, of course, is, "What will Microsoft do?"

When Microsoft released the Kinect depth-sensing camera a couple of years ago for its gaming platform, the open source community immediately began to work on open-source drivers for it.

At first, Redmond was apparently unamused, to the point of bringing the cops into it:

Microsoft does not condone the modification of its products. With Kinect, Microsoft built in numerous hardware and software safeguards designed to reduce the chances of product tampering. Microsoft will continue to make advances in these types of safeguards and work closely with law enforcement and product safety groups to keep Kinect tamper-resistant.

Two weeks later, when the open source hackers had not only got the Kinect working for themselves, but already adopted it as a groovy technological darling, Redmond changed its mind just as quickly, with one Microsoft "experience creator" effusive with her praise:

I'm very excited to see that people are so inspired that it was less than a week after the Kinect came out before they had started creating and thinking about what they could do.

The issue of whether Microsoft would take legal action against Kinect hackers went from "working closely with law enforcement" to "absolutely not."

How do you think Microsoft will react this time?

Tell us what you think the Legal Beagles in Redmond ought to do by voting in our poll!

Take Our Poll

Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/nakedsecurity/~3/GDVAUixFuGY/

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Sun, 13 Jan 2013 16:49:47 -0800 knucklehead delightful: Exploring Craft Kits | Home and Family Life ... http://islaroose.posterous.com/knucklehead-delightful-exploring-craft-kits-h http://islaroose.posterous.com/knucklehead-delightful-exploring-craft-kits-h

Posted by on January 8th, 2013

Art is becoming very popular amongst many people as a hobby and satisfying pastime . Because you can acquire create guides along with skill products in no time and have absolutely these folks supplied on to you suggests really united states usually are informing each of our creativity pass and they are doing art work while in the residence . Involvement in craft programs is particularly popular at present inside the wide variety of paintings supplies you can purchase and employ . Employing a person?s most liked products in addition to producing tasks in your house are usually expanding inside level of popularity due to capability of finding hobby/craft items . Hobby sets are a fun way for starters by using a job a high level novice and as soon as guess what happens style connected with art work you wish it is possible to carry on to acquire anyone supplies with larger sized amounts .

Craft systems are certainly various and range from garments paints , convenience paints , porcelain paints as well as glass displays . Many on-line providers at this moment give each art products and particular stock by using materials and also art resources and you can generally get them in the very economical rate . And also if you?re not used to artwork and produce you can take time to look over products rather than hunting shops without having idea that which you are looking for . A few other kits are usually like pleasant packs relating to learning and even experimenting with new mediums which includes acrylic delivers and gas or watercolour gives . Trustworthy on the web artwork companies may effort to provide more information and are also constantly a message apart when you?ve got any queries or maybe take some assistance relating to a creative opportunity you might like to practice .

Fabric offers are fantastic for individuals who would like to put together art work by using create * for a economy most of us wish to customise the properties as well as household furniture nevertheless we don?t wish to invest a lot of money ! Lots of people are actually individualising clothing at this time ? that is a great way to get creative along with allows you to get the kids involved or close friends . Craft work opportunities make great items as well ( clean ) so you can genuinely personalise a particular thing or maybe graphics to a family event or even good friends . Many people are making use of building styles in addition to using these to delicate household home furniture in the home , a lot like blinds , colours and hold covers . An opportunity is completely your own personal property in relation to crafts and also arts . Channels just like material along with a glass provides are getting to be most liked considering the customization part . Which you get in for a distinctive change to widespread gifts methods and once a lot more you can get all relevant parties . You must make a decision on art products you can test outside and build ( blank ) that are how we operate as well as offer you a eye-catching effect .

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Source: http://www.techwea.com/crafts-hobbies/exploring-craft-kits.html

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Sat, 12 Jan 2013 22:33:47 -0800 Do Not Track (DNT): Stop Websites From Tracking You - web design ... http://islaroose.posterous.com/do-not-track-dnt-stop-websites-from-tracking http://islaroose.posterous.com/do-not-track-dnt-stop-websites-from-tracking

Do Not Track (DNT) is a technology and policy proposal that enables users to opt out of tracking by third-party sites which users don?t visit. When you browse the web, advertising networks and other third-parties try to collect every iota information about you ? your searches, visited sites, browser, platform, demography, etc.


(Image Source: gandul.info)

In the midst of developing web standards and user experience, you lose your very own privacy in the hands of online marketers. DNT puts you in control of the way your information is collected and used online.

What is Do Not Track?

DNT is a proposed HTTP header that would request a web application to not track you. DNT was proposed back in 2009 by Christopher Soghoian, Sid Stamm and Dan Kaminsky. It was first implemented in Microsoft?s Internet Explorer, later followed by Mozilla Firefox, Apple?s Safari and Opera.

It is much like the Do Not Call registry, which allow people to opt out of marketing calls. When you enable DNT in your browser, it sends a DNT header in the web request.

The DNT header (DNT ) supports three values:

  • 1 (DNT : 1) for Tracking Prohibited (User rejects being tracked)
  • 0 (DNT : 0) for Tracking Allowed (User accepts being tracked)
  • null, if user has not set any preference (User not choosing)

When this header is processed by websites, they come to know if you don?t want to be tracked.

Do you need Do Not Track?

Your online activity ? including but not limited to clicks, searches, sites you visit, products you buy, your location (estimated by your IP address) ? is tracked by various third-parties like advertising companies, online marketers, market researchers, affiliate marketers, analytics services, etc.


(Image Source: Fotolia)

People who are concerned with their privacy erase browser?s cookies or use a browser?s privacy mode to protect their information from these companies but these practices are not enough. Ad companies have a way to track you, even if you delete cookies, using LSOs, also known as supercookies.

LSOs are flash cookies which have better tracking potential than ordinary cookies and they can?t be deleted directly by the browser (though some plugins can do the job). Ad companies know if you searched for ?learn English? or ?marketing jobs?. People unconcerned of their privacy don?t see any harm in getting tracked but the scenario is quite insecure (replace ?learn English? with ?HIV medication? or ?crack Windows? and think again about your need to be concerned).

Without Do Not Track, your information (online activities) totally reside in the marketers? crosshairs.

DNT survey

Mozilla Foundation conducted a survey about DNT adopters. Since the year DNT was incorporated in Firefox, Mozilla have seen increased industry support and user adoption of the privacy feature. Mozilla Foundation reported that current adoption rates for DNT is 8.6% for desktop users and 19% for mobile users.

A survey was conducted with 10,000+ Firefox users from 140 countries. Results showed that 49% users felt that their privacy is more respected with DNT on; for those who did not set any preferences for DNT, only 12% felt that their privacy is respected. (Source: Mozilla blog)

What DNT will do

DNT will tell third parties (not first party) not to track you. When you visit a website, various third parties (ad networks, analytics services) will try to learn about your activities. With DNT enabled in your browser, they will be notified that you don?t want to be tracked. If the third party honors the DNT system, then it won?t track you or place cookies in your browser for tracking purposes.

For example, if you visit Softpedia.com and you see ads from Google network, Softpedia.com is the first party while the Google Ad Network is the third party. If you?ve enabled Do Not Track, then your browser will only request the third party (here, Google Ad Network) not to track you. Softpedia.com won?t be affected.

What DNT won?t do

DNT won?t stop ads. You?ll continue to see ads on websites but the ads shown after enabling DNT will be more generic and less behavioral. It won?t stop you being tracked by first-parties like Google when you visit their web services like GMail, Google Search, etc. It also won?t stop tracking from social plugins that pull in content or controls from services like Twitter, Facebook, Google+, Pinterest etc.

If users have an account with them, they will likely consider themselves as ?first party? and track users with DNT enabled. Also, DNT won?t stop companies like Facebook Inc. from tracking their members through ?Like? buttons and other methods.

Drawbacks of DNT

DNT is a proposed technology standard based on an honor system. If the third-party honors the system, they won?t track you once you have enabled the option. This means it will continue tracking you if it doesn?t honor the standard.

DNT is not backed by any regulatory or legislative authority: it?s a purely voluntary effort from the technology community comprising online advertising industry, web developers and privacy advocates.

Though, companies have agreed to stop using the data about people?s browsing habits to customize ads and not use the data for employment, credit, healthcare or insurance purposes, but the data can still be used for some purposes such as ?market research? or ?product development? and can still be obtained by law enforcement officers.

Also, users who don?t want to be tracked must enable DNT in every browser and device they use, in smartphones, tablets, laptop or desktop computers.

Make DNT work for you

Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Safari and Opera currently support Do Not Track. If you?re using Chrome, then you can install its plugin ?Keep My Opts-Out? for the same purpose. If you?re using any other browser with no support for DNT, but would like the option, consider changing your browser! It?s easy to enable Do Not Track in supported browsers. After enabling it, check if Do Not Track is working for you (see Users section in right sidebar of the page).

Keep My Opt-Outs

Don?t forget to clear cookies before enabling DNT in your browser, otherwise you won?t see any positive effects of enabling it. After you enable it, you?ll start seeing more generic ads than personalized and behavioral ads. DNT stop tracking of your online activity and your privacy is more secure than ever.

Conclusion

On our part, Do Not Track is a must-have privacy feature but while DNT gives us control, companies need to respect and honor DNT before our privacy is secure. Though Mozilla is committed to make DNT a fully working system, users? privacy will still be in the marketers? hands until DNT is supported by most companies.

Source: http://www.ipixel.com.sg/blog/web-design/do-not-track-dnt-stop-websites-from-tracking-you/

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Sat, 12 Jan 2013 20:35:47 -0800 Just Mobile's early-2013 range: AluCup, black HeadStand, AluFrame, AluPocket and Gum Max Duo http://islaroose.posterous.com/just-mobiles-early-2013-range-alucup-black-he http://islaroose.posterous.com/just-mobiles-early-2013-range-alucup-black-he

Just Mobile to launch

What we love about CES is that we get to see so many familiar faces in one week, and Just Mobile was one of them this year. Since our visit to its Taiwan office a few months ago, the award-winning accessory maker had been preparing several new products for CES: (from left to right in the above picture) AluCup, black HeadStand, AluFrame, AluPocket and Gum Max Duo. Starting in chronological order we have the black edition of the minimalistic aluminum HeadStand headphone stand, which will join its silver-colored sibling for the same $49.95 price tag at the end of this month. As before, the HeadStand's base comes in two layers for cable management, as well as a spun-metal finish. Check out the rest of the product range after the break.

Continue reading Just Mobile's early-2013 range: AluCup, black HeadStand, AluFrame, AluPocket and Gum Max Duo

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Sat, 12 Jan 2013 16:54:49 -0800 Power In Self Confidence By Way Of Hypnosis | Life ... - My Life Coach http://islaroose.posterous.com/power-in-self-confidence-by-way-of-hypnosis-l http://islaroose.posterous.com/power-in-self-confidence-by-way-of-hypnosis-l

Ever question why some people don't find it hard to feel confident? If you must know, confidence is basically a state of mind. Before you feel confident, you consider being confident. Incredibly, you can simply find out about being confident. For a start, you must stop making an attempt to become someone you aren't. To be confident, you need to be comfortable with who you are and accept your limitations. By doing this, you can act naturally and you will not have to worry about pretending.

Being confident is plenty of tough work. No one is born with it and it requires a substantial amount of commitment and devotion to become confident. Being confident can improve your work ad private life. You'll be capable of making presentations to big groups of folks and talk with crucial clients. From the other viewpoint, it would need a particular level of confidence to introduce yourself to a stranger or ask somebody on a date.

Another significant element in confidence is working out your good points, talents and skills. If you know these, you can have faith in yourself to accomplish your jobs correctly. Strangely enough, there are folk who have all of the talents in the world but fail to employ them because they are overcome by tension or nervousness.

If you are one of those people who have Problems with confidence, the first thing you should do is to learn to manage this anxiety. You can try a few self help strategies like deep breathings, stretching or meditating. These would slower your pulse and help you focus on more critical things. Meditation is a good way to relax your intelligence as well as your body, ridding yourself of destructive feelings and feelings.

If these are not effective, then you could have a rather more serious problem that would require pro help. Psychotherapy can help build your confidence by determining and managing the reasons for your anxiety and fear. You might be suffering from low self-image because of things that you have experienced before. It is also possible that your hysteria comes from expecting too much from yourself. Whatever the reasons are, psychotherapy can be helpful.

Another quick and efficient way to treat anxiety is through hypnotherapy. It can often involve being hypnotised and the hypnotist will change your behaviour by making suggestions to your unconscious mind. It is assumed the subconscious is more receptive to changes than your conscious mind.

Rick Smith is a Consulting Hypnotist with MindRelease Hypnosis London who aid individual ways to build confidence with hypnosis

Source: http://www.mylife-coach.net/6835/power-in-self-confidence-by-way-of-hypnosis/

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Fri, 11 Jan 2013 22:43:50 -0800 A snapshot of pupfish evolution http://islaroose.posterous.com/a-snapshot-of-pupfish-evolution http://islaroose.posterous.com/a-snapshot-of-pupfish-evolution

Jan. 8, 2013 ? Chris Martin has bred more than 3,000 hybrid fish in his time as a graduate student in evolution and ecology at UC Davis, a pursuit that has helped him create one of the most comprehensive snapshots of natural selection in the wild and demonstrated a key prediction in evolutionary biology.

"We can see a surprisingly complex snapshot of natural selection driving the evolution of new specialized species," said Martin, who with Professor Peter Wainwright published a paper on the topic in the Jan. 11, 2013, issue of the journal Science.

The "adaptive landscape" is very important for evolutionary biology, but rarely measured, Martin said. He's been fascinated with the concept since high school.

An adaptive landscape takes variable traits in an animal or plant, such as jaw size and shape, spreads them over a surface, and reveals peaks of success (what evolutionary scientists call fitness) where those traits become most effective, or adaptive.

It is a common and powerful idea that influences thinking about evolution. But while the concept is straightforward, it is much harder to map out such a landscape in the wild.

For example, about 50 species of pupfish are found across the Americas. The tiny fish, about an inch or so long, mostly eat algae on rocks and other detritus. Martin has been studying species found only in a few lakes on the island of San Salvador in the Bahamas, where some of the fish have evolved different-shaped jaws that allow them to feed on hard-shelled prey like snails or, in one case, to snatch scales off other fish.

In a paper published in 2011, Martin showed that these San Salvadoran fish are evolving at an explosively faster rate than other pupfish.

Martin brought some of the fish back to the lab at UC Davis and bred hybrids with fish with different types of jaws. He created about 3,000 hybrids in all, which were measured, photographed and tagged. Martin then took about 2,000 of the fish back to San Salvador.

"It was the craziest thing I've done," Martin said. "I was leaning on the stack of them in the middle of Miami airport."

Martin released the young fish into enclosures in the lakes of their grandparents. Three months later, he returned to check on the survivors and plotted them out on the adaptive landscape.

Most of the surviving fish were on an isolated peak adapted to a general style of feeding, with another peak representing fish adapted for eating hard-shelled prey. Competition between the fish had eliminated the fish whose jaws put them in the valleys between those peaks. The scale-eating fish did not survive.

The results explain why most pupfish species in America have pretty much the same diets, Martin said. The generalists are essentially stranded on their peak -- variants that get too far out fall into the valley and die out before they can make it to another peak.

"It's stabilizing selection," he said. An early burst of variation when fish entered a new environment with little competition could have allowed the shell-eaters and scale-eaters to evolve on San Salvador.

The work was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of California Davis (UCD).

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal Reference:

  1. Christopher H. Martin, Peter C. Wainwright. Multiple Fitness Peaks on the Adaptive Landscape Drive Adaptive Radiation in the Wild. Science, 11 January 2013: Vol. 339 no. 6116 pp. 208-211 DOI: 10.1126/science.1227710

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/top_environment/~3/ln8m-9Myil8/130110142043.htm

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Fri, 11 Jan 2013 20:53:45 -0800 India summons Pak High Commissioner http://islaroose.posterous.com/india-summons-pak-high-commissioner http://islaroose.posterous.com/india-summons-pak-high-commissioner

IRNA - Islamic Republic News Agency

New Delhi, Jan 10, IRNA -- India on Wednesday summoned the Pakistan High Commissioner to convey a 'strong protest' over the Pakistani Army action in which two Indian soldiers were killed and their bodies subjected to 'barbaric and inhuman mutilation' in Jammu and Kashmir.

Pakistan High Commissioner Salman Bashir was summoned by Foreign Secretary Ranjan Mathai, who made it clear that these incidents were 'unacceptable' and that Pakistan has to uphold the sanctity of the Line of Control, pti reported quoting to official sources.

During the 30-minute meeting, Bashir was told by Mathai that regular Pakistani soldiers had crossed the LoC at Mendhar sector and engaged with Indian troops who were patrolling this sector.

Meanwhile, External Affairs Minister Salman Khurshid said the Pakistan envoy was 'spoken to in very strong terms' and the deepest concern and protest over the incident was conveyed.

He called the incident 'completely unacceptable'.

Referring to last month's Indo-Pak discussions on conventional CBMs, wherein maintaining the sanctity of the LoC, one of the most important CBMs between the two countries, was emphasised, Khurshid said,'therefore violation of (ceasefire) that itself is something which is a matter of great concern. And that would obviously, if not immediately, contained will have adverse impact on what we have been trying to do for such a long time.'

Khurshid also stressed the need 'to make sure that whatever happened should not be escalated. We cannot and must not allow escalation of this very unwholesome event that has taken place.'

Reacting sharply to the incident, Defence Minister A K Antony said 'Pakistan Army's action is highly provocative. The way they treated the dead bodies of Indian soldiers is inhuman....We are closely following the situation.'

'Two Indian soldiers were killed in the attack and their bodies subjected to barbaric and inhuman mutilation. The government of Pakistan was asked to immediately investigate these actions that are in contravention of international conduct and ensure that these will not recur,' Bashir was conveyed.

Pakistani soldiers had on Tuesday crossed into Indian territory and ambushed an Indian patrol killing two soldiers, one of whom was decapitated.

Army's Additional Director General (Public Information) Major General S L Narasimhan said Northern Army Commander Lt Gen K T Parnaik had visited the scene of action and confirmed that one of the two bodies was mutilated.

Other sources had said yesterday that the heads of both the Indian soldiers -- Lance Naiks, Hemraj and Sudhakar Singh -- have been chopped off and one was taken away by Pakistani intruders.

Besides killing two, they also injured two other soldiers and took away their weapons and other belongings.

Army's Udhampur-based Northern Command had came out with a statement terming the attack as a 'significant escalation' to the continuing series of ceasefire violations and infiltration attempts supported by Pakistan Army.

'A group of their regular soldiers intruded across the Line of Control in the Mendhar Sector on January 8. Pakistan army troops, having taken advantage of thick fog and mist in the forested area, were moving towards our posts when an alert area domination patrol spotted and engaged the intruders,' it had said.

Meanwhile, Pakistan 'strongly rejects the Indian allegation of an attack across the LoC on its military patrol in which two Indian soldiers were claimed to have been killed. These are baseless and unfounded allegations,' a statement issued by its High Commission in New Delhi said.

2160**1394
Islamic Republic News Agency/IRNA NewsCode: 1044627

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Source: http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2013/01/mil-130110-irna01.htm

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Fri, 11 Jan 2013 19:04:48 -0800 Joseph A. Jones Technical Writer: Happy New Year ! http://islaroose.posterous.com/joseph-a-jones-technical-writer-happy-new-yea http://islaroose.posterous.com/joseph-a-jones-technical-writer-happy-new-yea

Happy New Year ! This is a special time. New Year means a new beginning for all of us. We can choose to improve our self or even make life changing decisions. It is important to recognize that you can change and improve yourself each year by setting realistic goals and accomplishing them. Speaking of self improvement, we at WellLife have? a wonderful selection or articles from setting up an exercise routine to eating healthy. Also , there is a real informative article on how to set realistic goals from Focus On Mental Wellness. If you are interested in contacting me for various writing projects, you can reach me by Email.

Here?is the history of? New Years

New Year is the time at which a new calendar year begins and the calendar's year count is incremented. In many cultures, the event is celebrated in some manner. The New Year of the Gregorian calendar, today in worldwide use, falls on 1 January, as was the case with the Roman calendar. There are numerous calendars that remain in regional use that calculate the New Year differently.
The order of months in the Roman calendar was January to December since King Numa Pompilius in about 700 BC, according to Plutarch and Macrobius. It was only relatively recently that 1 January again became the first day of the year in Western culture. Until 1751 in England and Wales (and all British dominions) the new year started on 25 March ? Lady Day, one of the four quarter days (the change to 1 January took place in 1600 in Scotland). Since then, 1 January has been the first day of the year. During the Middle Ages several other days were variously taken as the beginning of the calendar year (1 March, 25 March, Easter, 1 September, 25 December).In many countries, such as the Czech Republic, Italy, Spain and the UK, 1 January is a national holiday.
For information about the changeover from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar and the effect on the dating of historical events etc., see Old Style and New Style dates.
With the expansion of Western culture to many other places in the world during recent centuries, the Gregorian calendar has been adopted by many other countries as the official calendar, and the 1 January date of New Year has become global, even in countries with their own New Year celebrations on other days (such as Israel, China and India). In the culture of Latin America there are a variety of traditions and superstitions surrounding these dates as omens for the coming year. The most common modern dates of celebration are listed below, ordered and grouped by their appearance relative to the conventional Western calendar.


New Years around the world

  • 1 January: The first day of the year in the Gregorian calendar used by most countries. Eight of the twelve biggest Eastern Orthodox Churches which have adopted the Revised Julian calendar ? Bulgaria, Cyprus, Egypt, Greece, Romania, Syria, and Turkey ? also celebrate 1 January as the New Year.
  • In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the civil New Year falls on Gregorian 14 January (1 January in the Julian calendar). Many in the countries where Eastern Orthodoxy predominates celebrate both the Gregorian and Julian New Year holidays, with the Gregorian day celebrated as a civic holiday, and the Julian date as the "Old New Year", a religious holiday. The orthodox churches of Georgia, Jerusalem, Russia, the Republic of Macedonia, Serbia and Ukraine still use the Julian Calendar.
  • The Chinese New Year, also known as the Lunar New Year, occurs every year on the new moon of the first lunar month, about four to eight weeks before spring (Lichun). The exact date can fall any time between 21 January and 21 February (inclusive) of the Gregorian Calendar. Traditionally, years were marked by one of twelve Earthly Branches, represented by an animal, and one of ten Heavenly Stems, which correspond to the five elements. This combination cycles every 60 years. It is the most important Chinese celebration of the year.
  • The Vietnamese New Year is the T?t Nguy?n ??n which most times is the same day as the Chinese New Year due to the Vietnamese using Chinese calendar.
  • The Tibetan New Year is Losar and falls from January through March.
  • January 1 had a long journey of ups and downs before it became accepted as the first day of the year in the modern calendar format.
    It is believed that Julius Caesar, the celebrated Roman emperor, first proposed the idea of having January 1 as the first day of the year in 46 BCE. This was because the month of January had been named after the Roman God Janus, who is personified as having two faces, one facing the front and the other facing the back, and he is believed to be the god of doors and gates. This, to Caesar, symbolized transition from one year to the other. Roman celebrations of the New Year were flooded with blood and drunkenness.
    Later, with the rise in Christianity, the New Year was associated with the incarnation of God?s son, Christ. As such, March 25, Annunciation Day or Lady Day, was considered as the beginning of New Year. This is the day when Mary was informed by the Angel Gabriel that she would bear God?s son Jesus.
    When William the Conqueror (also known as ?William the Bastard? or ?William of Normandy?) took over the reins of England, he ordered that January 1 be established as the New Year to collaborate it with his coronation and with the circumcision of Jesus (on the eighth day from his birth on December 25). However, this was abandoned by people later as they joined the rest of the Christian world to celebrate New Year on March 25.
    In 1582, Pope Gregory XIII did away with the Julian calendar for good and established the modern day Gregorian calendar in which January 1 was re-established as the beginning of a New Year.
    Today however, January 1 is internationally accepted as the beginning of New Year although many parts of the world have their separate New Year celebrations in different times of the year.
    My thanks to Wickepedia for this insightful information.

    ?

    Source: http://jajtechnicalwriter.blogspot.com/2013/01/happy-new-year.html

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    Thu, 10 Jan 2013 19:48:07 -0800 Holmes 'delighted' by creepy self-portraits, victims say http://islaroose.posterous.com/holmes-delighted-by-creepy-self-portraits-vic http://islaroose.posterous.com/holmes-delighted-by-creepy-self-portraits-vic

    After two days of apparent indifference, accused Aurora shooter James Holmessmiled and smirked at disturbing self-portraits and images of weapons shown in court today, according to the families of victims who watched him.

    "When he sees himself, he gets very excited and his eyes crinkle," Caren Teves said outside of the courthouse, after the hearing. "Your eyes are the window to the soul and you could see that he was very delighted in seeing himself in that manner."

    Teves' son Alex Teves, 24, died in the shooting.

    Prosecutors showed photos that Holmes took of himself hours before he allegedly carried out a massacre at a Colorado movie theater. He took a series of menacing self-portraits with his dyed orange hair curling out of from under a black skull cap and his eyes covered with black contacts. In some of the photos, guns were visible.

    Those haunting photographs, found on his iPhone, were shown in court today on the last day of a preliminary testimony that will lead to a decision on whether the case will go to trial. The hearing concluded without Holmes' defense calling any witnesses.

    The judge's decision on whether the case will proceed to trial is expected on Friday.

    Holmes, 25, is accused of opening fire on a crowded movie theater in Aurora, Colo., on July 20, 2012, killing 12 people and wounding dozens others during a showing of "Dark Knight Rises."

    The court room's set-up kept members of the media from being able to see Holmes' face as the photos were displayed, but victims and their families could watch him.

    Teves said that Holmes was "absolutely smirking" when images of his weapons and the iPhone photos he took of himself were shown in court.

    "I watched him intently," Caren Teves' husband Tom Teves said. "I watched him smile every time a weapon was discussed, every time they talked about his apartment and how he had it set up (with booby traps), and he could have gave a darn about the people, to be quite frank. But he's not crazy one bit. He's very, very cold. He's very, very calculated."

    Holmes' has exhibited bizarre behavior after the shooting and while in custody. His defense team has said that he is mentally ill, but have not said if he will plead insanity.

    "He has a brain set that no one here can understand and we want to call him crazy because we want to make that feel better in our society, but we have to accept the fact that there are evil people in our society that enjoy killing any type of living thing," a frustrated Tom Teves said. "That doesn't make them crazy. And don't pretend he's crazy. He's not crazy."

    The photos presented in court showed Holmes mugging for his iPhone camera just hours before the shooting.

    Click here for full coverage of the Aurora movie theater shooting.

    Half-a-dozen photos showed Holmes with his clownish red-orange hair and black contact lenses giving the photos a particularly disturbing edge.

    In one particularly odd image, he was making a scowling face with his tongue out. He was whistling in another photo. Holmes is smiling in his black contacts and flaming hair in yet another with the muzzle of one of his Glock pistols in the forefront.

    Yet another photo showed him dressed in black tactical gear, posing with an AR-15 rifle.

    James Holmes Had a "Depravity of Human Heart," Prosecutor Said

    Other photos seized from the iPhone show pictures that a detective testified were taken of the interior of the Aurora movie theater in the days leading up to the attack, on June 29, July 5 and July 11.

    Before the prosecution called for the photos, public defender Tammy Brady objected. Prosecutor Karen Pearson said that the photos showed deliberation and extreme indifference. Judge William Sylvester overruled the objection and the photos were released.

    In Pearson's closing statement, she said there is an abundance of direct evidence that Holmes "wanted to kill call of them. He knew what he was doing."

    She said that Holmes had a "depravity of human heart" and that he "went into the theater without knowing or caring who they are." The prosecutor said he "picked the perfect venue for the perfect crime."

    Pearson said prosecutors made a decision not to include all of the people who were in theaters eight and nine that night. If they had, they could have had 1,500 counts against Holmes. Instead, they included anyone who had physical injuries, including those with gunshot wounds and those who were hurt running out of the theater. There are 166 counts in all.

    The judge has taken the case under advisement and there will be a status hearing or arraignment on Friday when the judge will decide whether the case will proceed to a full trial. Holmes' attorneys have not yet said whether they plan on using a insanity defense, in which case Holmes could possibly be deemed unfit to stand trial. Another possibility is that the hearing could set the stage for a plea deal.

    This week's testimony has included emotional testimony from first responders, details about Holmes' elaborately booby trapped apartment, a rundown of his arsenal of legally purchased weapons and descriptions of his bizarre behavior following the shooting.

    Also Read

    Source: http://gma.yahoo.com/holmes-delighted-creepy-self-portraits-victims-153316410--abc-news-topstories.html

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    Thu, 10 Jan 2013 18:00:45 -0800 Boeing 787 suffers third mishap in as many days http://islaroose.posterous.com/boeing-787-suffers-third-mishap-in-as-many-da http://islaroose.posterous.com/boeing-787-suffers-third-mishap-in-as-many-da

    12 hrs.

    Boeing Co's 787 Dreamliner jet suffered a third mishap in as many days on Wednesday, heightening safety concerns after a string of setbacks for the new aircraft.?

    Japan's All Nippon Airways said it was forced to cancel a 787 Dreamliner flight scheduled to from fly from Yamaguchi prefecture in western Japan to Tokyo due to brake problems.?

    That followed a fuel leak on Tuesday that forced a 787 operated by Japan Airlines to cancel take-off at Boston's Logan International Airport, a day after an electrical fire on another 787 after a JAL flight to Boston from Tokyo.?

    Asian customers rallied behind the U.S. planemaker, however, saying such teething troubles were not uncommon on new planes and confirming they had no plans to scale back or cancel orders for the aircraft, which has a list price of $207 million.?

    Japan is by far the biggest customer for the Dreamliner to date, with JAL and All Nippon Airways (ANA) operating a total of 24 of the 49 new planes delivered to end-December. The aircraft entered commercial service in November 2011, more than three years behind schedule after a series of production delays. Boeing has sold 848 of the planes.?

    JAL spokesman Kazunori Kidosaki said the carrier, which operates seven Dreamliners, had no plans to change orders it has placed for another 38 aircraft. ANA, which has 17 Dreamliners flying its colors, will also stick with its orders for another 49, spokesman Etsuya Uchiyama said.?

    State-owned Air India, which on Monday took delivery of the sixth of the 27 Dreamliners it has ordered, said precautionary measures were already in place and its planes were flying smoothly. "It's a new plane, and some minor glitches do happen. It's not a cause of concern," said spokesman G.Prasada Rao.?

    There was no immediate suggestion that the 787 Dreamliner, the world's first passenger jet built mainly from carbon-plastic lightweight materials to save fuel, was likely to be grounded as investigators looked into the fire incident.?

    Air China, which sees the 787 as a way to expand its international routes, and Hainan Airlines?also said they were keeping their orders for 15 and 10 of the planes.?

    "New airplanes more or less will need adjustments, and currently we have no plans to swap or cancel orders," said an executive at future 787 operator Hainan Airlines, who was not authorized to talk to the media and did not want to be named.?

    Qatar Airways Chief Executive Akbar Al Baker, who has previously criticized technical problems or delays with Boeing or Airbus jets, said there were no technical problems with the five 787s currently in use by the Gulf carrier.?

    "It doesn't mean we are going to cancel our orders. It's a revolutionary airplane," he said.?

    Other carriers already flying the Dreamliner are Ethiopian Airlines , LAN Airlines, LOT Polish Airlines and United Airlines .?

    40 gallon spill?

    The fuel leak on Tuesday was noticed at about 12:25 p.m. ET after the plane had left the gate in preparation for take-off to Tokyo. About 40 gallons spilled, and the jet was towed back to the gate, where passengers disembarked, said Richard Walsh, a spokesman for the transportation authority.?

    The plane departed about four hours behind schedule and was due to arrive in Tokyo on Wednesday evening.?

    No passengers or crew were injured in either incident, though firefighters were called out on both occasions.?

    Boeing shares fell nearly 2.7 percent on Tuesday, following a 2 percent drop on Monday - wiping around $2.8 billion off its market value, or more than a dozen Dreamliners at list price.?

    While many Wall Street analysts rate Boeing stock a 'buy' or 'outperform' - the manufacturer has delivered jets faster than the market predicted - some noted the potential for the combination of a fire and a fuel leak to affect public perception of Boeing and the new aircraft.?

    People working at OG Travel and Eurex, travel agents in Tokyo, said they had not seen any impact on reservations on flights using the 787 aircraft. "I've not heard of any cancellations following these incidents," Eurex staffer Yasuhiro Hirashiki told Reuters.?

    Carter Leake, an analyst at BB&T Capital Markets in Virginia, downgraded Boeing shares, noting that fires are potentially lethal and electrical issues are tough to solve, though he and others stopped short of calling it a game changer for the Seattle-based manufacturer.?

    "We're getting to a tipping point where they go from needing to rectify problems to doing major damage control to the image of the company and the plane," said Richard Aboulafia, a defense and aerospace analyst with Teal Group, a consulting firm based in Fairfax, Virginia.?

    "While they delivered a large and unexpected number of 787s last year, it's possible that they should have instead focused on identifying glitches and flaws, rather than pushing ahead with volume production," he said.?

    Battery fire?

    Monday's fire occurred on a 787 plane that had just arrived from Tokyo and whose 183 passengers and crew had disembarked.?

    The National Transportation Safety Board said on Tuesday a battery in the auxiliary power unit aboard the plane jet had suffered "severe fire damage" and that surrounding damage was limited to components and structures within about 20 inches. It said the power unit was operating when the fire was discovered.?

    Shares in GS Yuasa Corp, the Japanese firm that makes the Dreamliner batteries, fell around 5 percent in Tokyo on Wednesday after dropping 4 percent a day earlier.?

    Boeing said it was cooperating with the investigations, but it would be premature to go into detail.?

    "However, nothing we've seen in this case indicates a relationship to any previous 787 power system events, which involved power panel faults elsewhere in the aft electrical equipment bay (where the fire occurred)," the company said.?

    The Wall Street Journal, citing a source, reported that United Airlines found improperly installed wiring in 787 electrical components associated with the auxiliary power unit, the same electrical system that caused Monday's fire.?

    United spokeswoman Christen David said the carrier inspected its 787s after the Boston fire, but she declined to discuss the findings, or to confirm the Journal report.?

    The Federal Aviation Administration last month ordered all 787s to be inspected after fuel leaks were found on two aircraft, due, it said, to incorrectly assembled fuel line couplings that could result in power loss or an engine fire.?

    Mechanical problems are not uncommon when new planes enter service and they often disrupt airline schedules, experts said.?

    "I think we're dealing here with a situation where this aircraft is over-scrutinized for a number of reasons, including the birth difficulties," said Michel Merluzeau, managing partner at defense and aerospace consulting firm G2 Solutions.?

    "Don't get me wrong. A battery fire is a very, very serious event. Especially a lithium-ion battery," he added. "And we don't know what the problem is. But the 787s is still a very safe aircraft to fly."?

    Reuters contributed to this report.?

    Source: http://www.nbcnews.com/business/boeing-787-suffers-third-mishap-many-days-1B7906402

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    Thu, 10 Jan 2013 16:13:47 -0800 Oxygen to the core http://islaroose.posterous.com/oxygen-to-the-core http://islaroose.posterous.com/oxygen-to-the-core [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 10-Jan-2013
    [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

    Contact: Anne Stark
    stark8@llnl.gov
    925-422-9799
    DOE/Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

    LIVERMORE, Calif. -- An international collaboration including researchers from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory has discovered that the Earth's core formed under more oxidizing condition's than previously proposed.

    Through of series of laser-heated diamond anvil cell experiments at high pressure (350,000 to 700,000 atmospheres of pressure) and temperatures (5,120 to 7,460 degrees Fahrenheit), the team demonstrated that the depletion of siderophile (also known as "iron loving") elements can be produced by core formation under more oxidizing conditions than earlier predictions.

    "We found that planet accretion (growth) under oxidizing conditions is similar to those of the most common meteorites," said LLNL geophysicist Rick Ryerson.

    The research appears in the Jan. 10 edition of Science Express.

    While scientists know that the Earth accreted from some mixture of meteoritic material, there is no simple way to quantify precisely the proportions of these various materials. The new research defines how various materials may have been distributed and transported in the early solar system.

    As core formation and accretion are closely linked, constraining the process of core formation allows researchers to place limits on the range of materials that formed our planet, and determine whether the composition of those materials changed with time. (Was accretion heterogeneous or homogeneous?)

    "A model in which a relatively oxidized Earth is progressively reduced by oxygen transfer to the core-forming metal is capable of reconciling both the need for light elements in the core and the concentration of siderophile elements in the silicate mantle, and suggests that oxygen is an important constituent in the core," Ryerson said.

    The experiments demonstrated that a slight reduction of such siderphile elements as vanadium (V) and chromium (Cr) and moderate depletion of nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co) can be produced during core formation, allowing for oxygen to play a more prominent role.

    Planetary core formation is one of the final stages of the dust-to-meteorite-to-planet formation continuum. Meteorites are the raw materials for planetary formation and core formation is a process that leads to chemical differentiation of the planet. But meteorite formation and core formation are very different processes, driven by different heat sources and occurring in very different pressure and temperature ranges.

    "Our ability to match the siderophile element signature under more oxidizing conditions allows us to accrete the Earth from more common, oxidized meteoritic materials, such as carbonaceous and ordinary chondrites," Ryerson said.

    The earth's magnetic field is generated in the core, and protects the Earth from the solar wind and associated erosion of the atmosphere. While the inner core of the Earth is solid, the outer core is still liquid. The ability to preserve a liquid outer core and the associated magnetic field are dependent on the composition of the core and the concentration of light elements that may reduce the melting temperature.

    "By characterizing the chemical interactions that accompany separation of core-forming melts from the silicate magma ocean, we can hope to provide additional constraints on the nature of light elements in the present-day core and its melting/freezing behavior," Ryerson said.

    ###

    Other teams members include Julien Siebert and Daniele Antonangeli (former LLNL postdocs) from the Universit Pierre et Marie Curie and James Badro (a faculty scholar at LLNL) from the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris.

    Founded in 1952, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory provides solutions to our nation's most important national security challenges through innovative science, engineering and technology. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is managed by Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration.


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    ?


    AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


    [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 10-Jan-2013
    [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

    Contact: Anne Stark
    stark8@llnl.gov
    925-422-9799
    DOE/Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

    LIVERMORE, Calif. -- An international collaboration including researchers from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory has discovered that the Earth's core formed under more oxidizing condition's than previously proposed.

    Through of series of laser-heated diamond anvil cell experiments at high pressure (350,000 to 700,000 atmospheres of pressure) and temperatures (5,120 to 7,460 degrees Fahrenheit), the team demonstrated that the depletion of siderophile (also known as "iron loving") elements can be produced by core formation under more oxidizing conditions than earlier predictions.

    "We found that planet accretion (growth) under oxidizing conditions is similar to those of the most common meteorites," said LLNL geophysicist Rick Ryerson.

    The research appears in the Jan. 10 edition of Science Express.

    While scientists know that the Earth accreted from some mixture of meteoritic material, there is no simple way to quantify precisely the proportions of these various materials. The new research defines how various materials may have been distributed and transported in the early solar system.

    As core formation and accretion are closely linked, constraining the process of core formation allows researchers to place limits on the range of materials that formed our planet, and determine whether the composition of those materials changed with time. (Was accretion heterogeneous or homogeneous?)

    "A model in which a relatively oxidized Earth is progressively reduced by oxygen transfer to the core-forming metal is capable of reconciling both the need for light elements in the core and the concentration of siderophile elements in the silicate mantle, and suggests that oxygen is an important constituent in the core," Ryerson said.

    The experiments demonstrated that a slight reduction of such siderphile elements as vanadium (V) and chromium (Cr) and moderate depletion of nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co) can be produced during core formation, allowing for oxygen to play a more prominent role.

    Planetary core formation is one of the final stages of the dust-to-meteorite-to-planet formation continuum. Meteorites are the raw materials for planetary formation and core formation is a process that leads to chemical differentiation of the planet. But meteorite formation and core formation are very different processes, driven by different heat sources and occurring in very different pressure and temperature ranges.

    "Our ability to match the siderophile element signature under more oxidizing conditions allows us to accrete the Earth from more common, oxidized meteoritic materials, such as carbonaceous and ordinary chondrites," Ryerson said.

    The earth's magnetic field is generated in the core, and protects the Earth from the solar wind and associated erosion of the atmosphere. While the inner core of the Earth is solid, the outer core is still liquid. The ability to preserve a liquid outer core and the associated magnetic field are dependent on the composition of the core and the concentration of light elements that may reduce the melting temperature.

    "By characterizing the chemical interactions that accompany separation of core-forming melts from the silicate magma ocean, we can hope to provide additional constraints on the nature of light elements in the present-day core and its melting/freezing behavior," Ryerson said.

    ###

    Other teams members include Julien Siebert and Daniele Antonangeli (former LLNL postdocs) from the Universit Pierre et Marie Curie and James Badro (a faculty scholar at LLNL) from the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris.

    Founded in 1952, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory provides solutions to our nation's most important national security challenges through innovative science, engineering and technology. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is managed by Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration.


    [ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

    ?


    AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


    Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-01/dlnl-ott011013.php

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